This is the October 2025 edition of our monthly series of Ethics case studies titled What Do You Think? This series is comprised of case studies from NSPE archives, involving both real and hypothetical matters submitted by engineers, public officials and members of the public.
Your peers and the NSPE Board of Ethical Review have reviewed the facts of the case as shown below. And, here are the results.
Your opinion has been registered for the October 2025 edition of our monthly series of Ethics case studies titled What Do You Think?
Your vote is recorded as:
Want to know how your peers voted? We’ll send you an email with the poll results on October 28.
Your opinion has been registered for the October 2025 edition of our monthly series of Ethics case studies titled What Do You Think?
Your vote is recorded as:
Want to know how your peers voted? We’ll send you an email with the poll results on October 28.
A Review of the Facts
Harry, a professional engineer in private practice, has been retained by Edgetown as the town engineer. The Edgetown Planning Board has the approval of a project being proposed by ABC Development Enterprises under review. Harry is also being retained by ABC Development Enterprises on a separate project, but that project is being constructed in Nearwood, a town in another part of the state. The Nearwood project is unrelated to the project under consideration by Edgetown. Harry is expected to offer his views in the capacity of town engineer to the feasibility of ABC’s Edgetown project to the Edgetown Planning Board.
Would it be ethical for Harry to develop and report his views on the feasibility study of ABC’s Edgetown project to the Edgetown Planning Board if he first discloses his relationship with ABC Development Enterprises to both clients?
Here is the result of our survey of your peers:
Applicable NSPE Code References:
Code II.4.a: Engineers shall disclose all known or potential conflicts of interest that could influence or appear to influence their judgment or the quality of their services.
Code II.4.d: Engineers in public service as members, advisors, or employees of a governmental or quasi-governmental body or department shall not participate in decisions with respect to services solicited or provided by them or their organizations in private or public engineering practice.
Discussion
The role of the engineer in private practice who also serves in a capacity as an advisor or engineer to a town or municipality raises unique ethical questions. Among the questions raised include the extent to which the engineer’s judgment in his capacity as advisor or town engineer may be affected by interests and concerns that are related to the engineer’s private practice.
It has been argued by some that it is impossible for the engineer who attempts to serve in both a public and private capacity to compartmentalize his interests and not be influenced by factors that might affect his general business practice or the interests of other clients. Some have suggested that if an engineer agrees to serve as an advisor or city engineer, the engineer’s firm must not perform any services either as a consultant to the city itself or any client that performs services for the city.
Over the years, the Board has considered several cases that have raised this issue and involve an interpretation of Code II.4.d. For example, BER Case 74-2 involved a state law requiring that every municipality have a municipal engineer whose duties and compensation was to be fixed by municipal ordinance. The duties of the municipal engineer generally consisted of attending meetings of public bodies of the municipality, providing general advice on engineering matters, maintaining tax maps, reviewing site plans and subdivision maps, preparing cost estimates for proposed facilities, handling complaints from citizens on engineering-related problems and advising on the retention of consultants for project requirements.
Many of the smaller communities in the state did not have and could not afford full-time municipal engineers or supporting staff personnel for a full-time office. In such instances, the smaller communities retained the services of a firm in private practice and appoint a principal of the firm as municipal engineer. The municipal engineer is paid either on a cost-plus basis or a flat monthly retainer, usually a relatively low amount.
The Board found that because the engineer was not a bona fide “employee” of the municipality but a consultant called a “municipal engineer,” it was not unethical for him to serve as municipal engineer and also participate in the consulting firm and provide engineering services to the same municipality. The Board was persuaded by a belief that the public’s interest in providing the most competent engineering services, compliant with state regulations, and continuity of municipal engineering services would be best served by allowing this practice.
BER Case 76-3 involved an engineer who had been under a retainer with a county for general advisory services. While on retainer, the engineer was retained by a developer with the approval of county officials. The developer filed a petition with the county board to rezone a substantial area of the county as commercial.
The county Department of Public Works filed several engineering reports adverse to the zoning petition, recommending denial of the rezoning because of potential overload to water/sewage facilities. The developer called the engineer as an expert witness at the hearing and he testified in support of the rezoning petition. In ruling that it was unethical for the engineer to appear for the development company while serving as an engineering consultant to the county, the Board noted that he was doing more than offering his expertise in engineering matters as an aid to a fuller understanding by the zoning board; he was, in fact, acting as a paid advocate of private interest in open conflict with the engineering opinions of the county engineers.
Later, in BER Case 87-3, the Board considered a case involving an engineer contracted by a county to inspect a project developed by the engineer’s client. Although the engineer had not performed any services in connection with that specific project, the engineer and client anticipated that they would continue to work together in the future. In contract negotiations, the engineer disclosed his relationship with the client to the county.
The Board concluded that it would not be unethical for the engineer to perform inspection services for the county in connection with the project developed by the client. Said the Board, “To prohibit the engineer from providing the building inspection services would be an unrealistic intrusion into her practice and would inhibit the county from utilizing a flexible method of delivering services consistent with the public health and safety.”
We believe that based upon the facts, earlier Board precedent, and a reading of the Code of Ethics, there would not be an ethical violation by Harry if he discloses his relationship with ABC Development Enterprises. Although the facts of this case are distinguishable from earlier Board opinions, we believe that there are elements of each that lead us to this result. Our position is based upon a belief that it is desirable to encourage small towns and municipalities to have access to competent engineering services at a reasonable cost. In addition, unlike BER Case 76-3, there is nothing under the facts to suggest that Harry’s views on the Edgetown review will be directly affected by his relationship with ABC Development on the unrelated Nearwood project.
Finally, except as is specifically prohibited by the Code of Ethics, as the Board has suggested, it is wholly unrealistic to interpret the Code to encourage engineers in private practice to perform in an advisory or other capacity to governmental bodies and at the same time bar them from performing any services as a consultant to that body. Such a narrow view would make engineers in private practice hesitant to accept advisory or other roles with public entities and deprive those entities of needed technical expertise.
We agree, however, with the notion that under circumstances as the ones found in this case, the engineer does have an obligation under Code II.4.a. to provide disclosure to the client. Under the facts, without such disclosure, there is a very real possibility that the Edgetown Planning Board would not have learned of Harry’s relationship with ABC Development Enterprises.
The Ethical Review Board’s Conclusion
Harry would not be acting unethically if he developed and reported his views on the feasibility study of ABC’s Edgetown project to the Edgetown Planning Board, provided he first disclosed his relationship with ABC Development Enterprises to both clients.
BOARD OF ETHICAL REVIEW
Donald L. Hiatte, P.E.; William W. Middleton, P.E.; Robert L. Nichols, P.E.; William E. Norris, P.E.; William F. Rauch, Jr., P.E.; Jimmy H. Smith, P.E.; William A. Cox, Jr., P.E., Chairman
Note – In regard to the question of application of the Code to corporations vis-a-vis real persons, business form or type should not negate nor influence conformance of individuals to the Code. The Code deals with professional services, which services must be performed by real persons. Real persons in turn establish and implement policies within business structures. The Code is clearly written to apply to the Engineer and it is incumbent on a member of NSPE to endeavor to live up to its provisions. This applies to all pertinent sections of the Code. This opinion is based on data submitted to the Board of Ethical Review and does not necessarily represent all of the pertinent facts when applied to a specific case. This opinion is for educational purposes only and should not be construed as expressing any opinion on the ethics of specific individuals. This opinion may be reprinted without further permission, provided that this statement is included before or after the text of the case.
Agree 100%. So long as Harry disclosed his relationships and facts, the Edgetown board could take Harry’s thoughts into consideration, just as they would any experts testimony. They could also challenge Harry on his testimony. Harry is not the one voting, just providing testimony. The board can then decide based on a preponderance f the information provided.
While a pure, dogmatic view of separation of all potential conflicts of interest is worthy of academic study, the simple fact of the reality of our industries at this point is that there are not enough engineers in private practice anymore to fulfill these roles. In my field, I’m involved in projects where I’m outnumbered by engineers employed in regulation, acquisition and project management 10 or more to 1, and end up being retained at many different levels of the same projects. The best you can do here is disclose all COI’s and move on, or leave the projects dead in the water.
Wow……….this off-mark Conclusion opens door to deceptive path leading…….step by step……. to defective decision-making by engineers and even opportunities for full-on corruption.
Key defect with Conclusion is lack of any condition to ensure process for checking………especially over time.
Payment by development company is highly likely to be many multiples of small payment available from municipality……….resulting in high risk for engineer to favor development company.
This “setup” should not be allowed by authorities responsible for ethical standards.
There are usually quite a few arguments related to the ethical/unethical questions with regard to working for a private client while also working for a governmental agency. In the “Harry” case, it is easier to separate the relationships because the private client is working with a separate municipality. There are numerous companies that practice this type of separation of clients. If the private company is working with the municipality while also employing the engineer to provide work within the same municipality, then that would be highly unethical. An example would be an engineering firm submitting plans to a municipality while also reviewing the same plans on behalf of the municipality. Relying upon an argument that there are different employees or departments involved is a recipe for people to lose jobs and attorneys to make a lot of money.
Did Harry disclose his relationship with ABC to the Town? The case facts don’t say he did. He should disclose it-as should ABC- to the Town and let them decide if there is a conflict. If the Town is aware of the relationship and is ok with it, I don’t see a problem. Harry would put himself in a very awkward situation if the Town was informed by a third Party of his work for ABC.
From business ethics courses a commonly taught ethics principle is that the mere appearance of a potential conflict of interest should be avoided whenever possible. Sometimes this means we have to choose which client we want to serve, whether it be a developer, or a government. Unless a different engineer within Harry’s company (seems unlikely from the facts presented) is providing services to the developer, the business relationship could be enough for a concerned citizen to believe that there is a conflict of interest. Smaller communities are especially rife with these types of conflicts by their very nature, but I personally don’t believe that alone is justification to lower the ethical bar. There are always competing consulting engineers who are willing to serve a community who conducts business above board and fairly, so I don’t agree with the rationale that denying a practice the ability to serve conflicting interests would be a denial of access to professional expertise. Engineers may like to think that we are special that we operate in a more ethical manner than other professions, but I don’t believe we’ve managed to overcome human nature.
Regardless of Harry’s declaration, ABC is still his client and his opinion about any project may be biased. Unethical.
Something similar and personal. Let’s just say sometime within the last 60 years and located between 180W and 180E in Longitude. At the time I was as one of a few individuals that my employer was hired to send to be designated to act as if part of an agency of a particular government in overseeing the design and construction management of a project outside their day to day expertise. They as part of this project had a contract with a different office of my employer for a specific segment of the work. Looking through their plans I saw some design work that was similar to that I had seen on another project that resulted in some functional difficulties. A work around was done post operation, but a lower cost and better functional design could have eliminated the issue. The particular issue was outside of my particular function on the project and outside of my area of design expertise. After giving the issue considerable thought, I ended saying nothing. Since it was well outside my area of expertise, I seriously doubted it would result in anything but several upset people, including some in both the agency’s management and my company’s management. After operation of the completed facility began, the same functional difficulties arose, and again a similar work around was developed, all without me opening my mouth. To this day I wonder if I made a correct decision, even if it would have ultimately made no difference on what was actually built and could well have resulted in negative results to me professionally.